Belden conduit fill calculator. Note: THWN, THHN, and THWN-2 have the same .

Refer to the National Electric Code (NEC) 5. Power Cable. 5328 square inch which is too small. However, if I go to table 10A, under the area mm2 for T90 #12 is 8. Determine both the 600 Volt and Medium Voltage calculations to estimate and manage cable installation projects. Find the Conduit’s Minimum Space Available 4. A π 4 d 2 3. com This program calculates the number of same size conductors using the . 75 conduit. According to the Belden "Conduit Fill Calculator". Simply add your wires and get all minimum conduit sizes. Enter your information in the fields below and click "Calculate" at the bottom of the page. If you want to reset the numbers, click the "Reset" button. (51mm) wide. Arranging the columns and the values becomes easy with the template layout and there are fewer English; Deutsch (Deutschland) Français (France) 简体中文; Product Availability. Some people do not believe that a contractor can pull 7 cat6 cables through a ¾ conduit. Then, select your first conductor type and …. Fill Ratio - Firestop • Third Numeric designator – Penetrant Type No. Download. " To determine the size of conduit you need in order to fit your chosen cable, enter your Belden cable part number or the diameter of your cable. {{(header. May 4, 2020 · This may vary from one manufacturer to another but as a thumb rule, the average is 6 Data cables with a 40% fill ratio capacity for the EMT Conduit. You can also access other tools, such as connector cross reference, declaration of performance, and more. What we are going to do is to see if these two cables can fit in that conduit. mm / 0. , PVC, EMT, IMC) and their corresponding sizes (diameter in inches) that you’ll be including in the chart. 2919 in 2 therefore, conduit fill is : Source: lite-cat. Outer Jacket Ripcord . 5. 300in So how do I use that for circular mills conduit fill calculation. 1 inch EMT Conduit should fill approx 8 Data cables CMP. Cable Trays may be filled 50% when using control or signal wiring. of conduit). 888 x 60%=. Cable Size. 800. Next, calculate the Cable Tray Fill (F) using the formula F = A / T. Conduit fill area has to be 40% or less (using O. e diameter and the conduit inside diameter. May 27, 2021 · Calculate Your Conduit Fill Percentage. Data Sheet. 47. The table says that for a 1/2 EMT I can only use 5 #12 Wires (the old code said 9). D. Specific products may not be available in all regions. 1″. blogspot. ANIXTER • 224. Choose a specific region to ensure product availability. 521. NEC Table Used To Calculate Conduit Size. 3237 X 4 = 1. Conduit cat6a cat6 calculator stackConduit fill excel chart calculator pdf templates sample Belden conduit fill – transborder media2024 conduit fill chart. Finally, calculate the Cable Tray Fill. Cable Load / foot = 49 cables * 20 lb/1000 ft. Specifically tailored to meet the stringent demands of railway rolling stock applications, the robust high port count switch Available_area = π * (interior_diameter/2)^2. Consider Conduit Bends Choose AerosUSA, Inc. Wire Basket Cable Tray Fill Chart. Estimate and Manage Your Projects. Technical Advisory Mohawk Premise Cable: 40% Conduit … Belden Cat 6 Conduit Fill Chart – scribd. I say BS. 0820 Table 4 – 40% fill column for “Over 2 wires”. in. Français (France) 简体中文. brought to you by electrician2. "One (1) cable will take 53% of trade size 1 EMT conduit. The following features are included: - USA (NEC) or Canada (CEC) latest code calculations - add up to 1000 wires and select from all different types - instant calculation for all conduit sizes (most used 3 are minimized) Dec 10, 2003 · Article 314. Using: Part Number North Carolina Alarm Systems License # 103912-CSA; Virginia DCJS License # 11-20002 Raceway Fill Calculator. Use only approved lubricants. eyebrow. According to the Hubspot guide, you can fit 2 augmented category six cables (GigaLAN 10), 3 category 6E cables (GigaLAN), 4 category 6e cables (Advanced Net), 3cat6 cables, and 6 LAN cables in a 0. How to Calculate Conduit Fill 1. The template is designed to calculate the size of the wire that is to be filled in the conduit. com and found cable P/N 27091A. ‎Experience the simplicity of Derated, a cutting-edge conduit fill calculator designed with electricians in mind. . Furthermore, we typically sell our Alternative to Belden 8760 for quite a bit less than this, but it depends on how many feet you need, as well as other factors such as the metals market. Apr 9, 2024 · The following steps outline how to calculate the Cable Tray Fill: First, determine the total area of the cables that will be placed in the cable tray (A). 1:21. Requires a 2 ½ inch EMT Conduit 10GX Category 6A Enhanced Cable, 4 Pairs, F/UTP, CMP. This calculation is essential for ensuring that the conductors are properly sized and positioned within the enclosure to prevent overheating, maintain electrical safety, and comply Calculate the conduit fill percent and jam probability for multiple conductors per NEC® guidelines. 526 x 60 % = . Fill % = XCF / (CCF * NecFactor) Where the "NecFactor", which reduces the amount of cable in the conduit, is: If 1 cable is in the conduit = 0. cable tray is 2 in. Online calculators are a convenient and versatile tool for performing complex mathematical calculations without the need for physical calculators or specialized software. Note: THWN, THHN, and THWN-2 have the same . 03 sq. Here you can find the latest products in different kinds of belden conduit fill calculator. Cat6 conduit fill chartCat6 cable conduit fill calculator Conduit cat6 essex calculate superiorConduit conduits underground. The Conduit Fill Calculator Excel template consist of five cold like Trade size, ID (in), area, permissible area and fill (%). Feb 17, 2017 · Belden 8760 Pricing. Conduit fill guide rev 11-08 Nec conduit fill table emt Belden cat 6 conduit fill chart Myth 5: Pathway fill and pathway capacity are the same. " To determine the size of conduit you need in order to appropriate your picked cable, enter your Belden cable member count alternatively the diameter of insert cable. This calculator is designed to give an approximate volume quantity for fill, gravel, rock or mulch to fill or cover a given area, either generally rectangular or generally round. The ‘Global’ setting will display all products available worldwide. Raceway Fill Calculator. Each row going across is a different conduit size and type of metal conduit, either Electrical Metal Tubing (EMT), Intermediate Metal Conduit (IMC), Galvanized Rigid Steel Pipe (rigid metal conduit, RMC), or Flexible Metal Conduit (RMC). and the JavaScript program will build a unique calculator in this frame. diameter, 20 lb per 1000 ft2. Rigid Aluminum Conduit (RAC) – Electrical Resource International. Helps determine the proper wire size for an electrical circuit based on the voltage drop and current carrying capacity of an May 20, 2021 · Cat6 Cable Conduit Fill Calculator. Electrical and Electronic Wire & Cable • Enterprise Cabling & Security Solutions Anixter Inc. Total cross-sectional area 3. STEP #2: Initial inputs Select your conduit type from the dropdown menu. Check Details. 9156 square inch which is larger than the total square inch of conductors used . Electrical power cables may be installed as permanent A 40% full conduit may look completely full, for example. Quickly calculate a conduit fill according to the latest NEC or CEC. If 2 cables are in the conduit = 0. Here's how it works: Start by giving input on the left (either motor HP/voltage or gauge) – we will recommend a cable based on your selection; Feel free to change the optional settings from the defaults we've provided – our recommendation will change accordingly Jul 21, 2023 · Belden cat 6 conduit fill chartNumber of cat 6 cables in conduit Conduit cat6 calculateConduit cable cat6 cables calculator guide emt cabling. Re: sizing pipe for cable (belden) You calculate the area of the wire and apply Chapter 9 Tables 1 and 4. First, it’s critical to note: Without plenty of context, an industry table or calculator can never tell you for sure how many cables will fit into a cable tray or through a conduit. Example 2: Conduit Size: 2 inches Number of NEC doesn't care what size you use for signal wires, but for 4-20mA we usually go with 16 AWG. No information is given about adjustment, corrections or type. 98 sq. 8. Next, select the model of conduit you are specifying. The assembly is used for transmission and distribution of electrical power. By submitting this form, I agree that Belden is permitted to use the personal information provided herein to contact me regarding the requested quote. The Conductor Fill Calculator is used to determine the percentage of space occupied by electrical conductors within a conduit or cable tray. All calculations are based on the National Electrical Code®. D 4 C a π k. Category 6+ Premium Premise Horizontal Cable (400MHz), 4 Pair, 23 AWG Solid Bare Copper Conductors, U/UTP, Plenum-CMP, Flamarrest® PVC-LS Jacket. The sum of the cross sectional areas of all cables cannot exceed 50% of the trays fill area. ) Enter the width, length, and thickness (how deep you want the cover) of your rectangular area, or enter the diameter and Max. Sustainability: Product LensTM, Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) Available. It is calculated by dividing the total area of the cables by the total area of the conduit. 375. Europe/Middle East/Africa. 00 inch EMT Conduit – 35 Cat6 Cables. Pull Tension: 25 lbs (11 kg) Bulk Cable Weight: 44 lbs/1000ft (65 kg/km) Environmental Suitability: Plenum, Indoor. 25 inch EMT Conduit – 15 Cat6 Cables. STEP #1: The conduit sizing calculator Go to our conduit sizing calculator to get started. Box & conduit Fill Calculations Table 5 – Cross-Sectional Area of Individual Conductors 2/0 AWG THW Cu = . Then, under Conduit Size, dial the size of will conduit and scoring "Calculate. 28 A ( Minimum size Pull and Junction boxes and conduit bodies)states that if the conductor is #4 or larger, the following box calculation will be used and so forth. com. SIMpull ® Cable Pull Calculator. To use it, enter conduit type and then conduit size. Cat6 cable end diagramCables electrical many wiring sizes hole through pipe pull cable cat6 size mechanical room per code diagram structured wire church Cable network china cat5 conduit cat6 cat5e Oct 18, 2020 · The installation will use CAT cable at . This intuitive app goes beyond the basics, allowing you to effortlessly calculate conduit fill while simultaneously derating wires' ampacity. This conduit fill chart is used to determine how many wires can be safely put into non-PVC conduit tubing or pipe. This configurator will generate a bill of materials for a Constellation power delivery system. Typically, Belden 8760 Cable sells for prices between $500 and $600 per 1000 feet, or $. Simply enter the conduit type and size, then specify your Fiber calculators and tools. 19. 60 2 Area = 6. ← Emt 90 Degree Bend Chart Empower Field Concert Seating Chart →. Manual Calculation: This method involves the National Electrical Code (NEC) and some math. Then, under Cable Volume, select to size by your conduit plus strike "Calculate. In practice, it is limited as a ratio, typically expressed as a percentage, and enforced by code What is the maximum wire fill in an Appleton Form 35 or O-Z/Gedney Spec 5 conduit body, 1-inch trade size, LB style? Can I fit ten #10 AWG THHN conductors in this conduit body? This example has two parts that need to be addressed in order: 1. It is an assembly of one or more individually insulated electrical conductors, usually held together with an overall sheath. NEC Table Used To Select Conductor Area. This calculation reveals the maximum allowable cross-sectional area ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`af›deŽghijklmnopqrtýÿÿÿuvwxyz{|}~ €Root Entry ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÀF Z±v•¯Õ cVWorkbook ÿÿÿÿ ‡ _VBA_PROJECT_CUR Here are five steps to create a Conduit Fill Chart: Identify Conduit Types and Sizes: List all the types of conduits (e. Using a simple lookup, we can find the closest conduit size. While it may seem complex and overwhelming, you should have a better understanding of what goes into this calculation and how to handle it for your own project. 60 Cents per foot. Part Number: 006T8P-31180-29. (51mm) high by 2 in. 2023 Conduit Fill Chart - Fillable, Printable PDF & Forms | Handypdf. 95 sq. 31. Dielectric Strength . Solution: Inputting the values into the conduit fill calculator: Upon calculation, the conduit fill percentage is determined to be 250%. Using the formula: Fill Percentage (%) = (800 mm² / 2000 mm² This is found in the NEC Chapter 9 Table 4 for a rigid conduit = 1 1/4”nipple = 1. 14. Download the app for free and enter the conduit type, size, and conductors to get quick and easy results. For ambient temperatures other than 30°C, temperature correction May 15, 2023 · Cat6a cable conduit fill calculator. The desired fill ratio is 40%. Use this simple tool to calculate conduit size and fill percentage, pulling tensions, cable sidewall pressure, jam probability, voltage drop, ground wire sizing, and Feb 6, 2023 · Conduit fill chart cat6 table capacity sample conductor metal cat5e calculator pdf template Cat6 cable conduit fill calculator Cat6a cable conduit fill calculator. 1416 times 0. 0820 Sq. There are three different things to take into account when calculating a conduit fill: 1. 4 = 549. Per the National Electrical Code Article NEMA 392-9 (b) cable tray fill calculations and cable tray sizing calculations will be computed as follows. 53. I looked for sizing info on their website and they said the diameter is 0. TECHNICAL GUIDELINE February, 2018 TG16 RevHow to Calculate Conduit Fill Conduit fill is the amount of a conduit’s cross-sectional area that is occupied by a cable or cables, based on the cable outsi. 8000 • anixter. Find the right conduit size for your electrical project with Eaton's online calculator. 1416 times (0. Then, under Conduit Size, select the size of your conduit and hit "Calculate. Below is the data for Quick Tray Wire Mesh Cable Tray Fill Table at 50% Fills. Power cables are mainly used for power transmission and distribution purpose. conduit. ”. The Hirschmann BXP switch, paired with the Lumberg Automation M12 Push Pull Connector, provides a comprehensive offering that enhances flexibility, connectivity, and power, enabling the digital transformation journey. 2. Additional information regarding Belden’s privacy practices and handling of personal data can be found at privacy. Suppose you have a cable tray with a cross-sectional area of 2000 mm², and you’ve placed cables with a total cross-sectional area of 800 mm² inside the tray. Enter the number of unique wires in the above box. Calculate: Conduit Size Needed Based on Cables % Conduit is filled. 03516 = 0. say . 50 inch EMT Conduit – 20 Cat6 Cables. Aug 7, 2023 · EMT Conduit Fill Ratio Reference Template - Edit, Fill, Sign Online. Take note that conduit less than 3/4” (3/4 trade size) is not recommended for communications cable installation. The selected values are used to populate the two lower tables that have standard values. Conduit Type. The conduit sizing calculator is a helpful tool for engineers to answer questions regarding the size conduit to use per NEC® guidelines. Compare different types of conduit and get expert advice from Eaton's support tools. NEC Chapter 9 Table 4 is used to calculate conduit size, through dimensions and percent area of chosen conduit, using the total calculated conductor area. 40. Typical 100-pair CAT3 unshielded cable. electrician. Simply input the conduit diameter, conductor size and quantity, and voila! The calculator spits out the fill percentage. They are used to transmit 4-20 mA signals. Enter the values below and click “Calculate” to see the max conduit size as per the Canadian Electrical Code (2021 CEC), CSA C22. Conduit Fill Calculator Select Wire Size: #14 Solid #12 Solid #10 Solid #14 #12 #10 #8 #6 #4 #3 #2 #1 1/0 2/0 3/0 4/0 250 MCM 300 MCM 350 MCM 400 MCM 450 MCM 500 MCM 600 MCM 700 MCM 750 MCM 800 MCM 900 MCM Dec 26, 2023 · Conduit fill is the percentage of the cross-sectional area of a conduit that is occupied by the cables inside. This cable has 13 conductors, all #14 AWG. = 0. We hope to provide you with the best online conduit fill calculator, as well as all relevant information regarding conduits, conduit fill, conduit accessories, and more! This online conduit fill calculator is compatible with the US National Electrical Code (NEC)! XLSX. 2984 Total Square Inches for Conductors = 2. Conduit Fill Calculator & other calculators. Units: English (in) Metric (mm) Conduit Fill Chart. There are two main approaches: Online Calculators: These handy tools are widely available and user-friendly. Now in table 9i under 40% it says 75mm2 is the max usable space for 1/2. This table provides the initial recommended 40% fill capacity for Ethernet and coaxial cable based upon conduit trade size and cable jacket diameter. Ive been arguing this fact for months with other electricians and designers that say if the Belden cable diameter is equal to #4, you have to use this article. NEC Chapter 9 Table 5 is used to calculate the total area of conductors. Check Details 5. Range Description 0000-0999 No penetrating items 1000-1999 Metallic pipe, conduit or tubing 2000-2999 Nonmetallic pipe, conduit or tubing 3000-3999 Electrical cable 4000-4999 Cable trays with electrical cable 5000-5999 Insulated pipe This guideline is based on National Electrical Code (USA) recommendations for conduit fill of runs with no more than two 90° bends. Since we had already calculated the total wire area, we can easily calculate the minimum conduit area: 219. FREE 9+ Sample Conduit Fill Chart Templates in PDF. All in real-time. Conduit Fill Calculator | Southwire. Yarns Tight-Buffered Jan 26, 2017 · So table 6K is for conduit Fill when using T90 and all the Wires are the same size. Product Availability. Area = pi times radius squared 3. Example #3. com Racewayfill Calculator by electrician. You can calculate the total area of the three MV cables using the following equation: Area = 3 x (pi ÷ 4) x d 2 Area = 3 x . (You must estimate if the area is oblong. , THHN, TW, XHHW) and sizes (gauge) that will be used Jan 20, 2013 · Stan, I did a search at Belden. A streamlined app to help calculate conduit fill. In. Request Quote. Determine the Number of Conductors 2. Determine Wire Types and Sizes: Catalog the wire types (e. Belden Cat 6 Conduit Fill Chart – Download as PDF File (. NEC Table 310. The answer would be 1 1/4”. 1 1/2″. label : 'Choose Language'}} Next, select the type from conduit you were specifying. The formula for calculating conduit fill is: Conduit fill (%) = (Total area of cables / Total area of conduit) * 100. Conduit Fill Calculator Conduit Fill is the percent of area inside the conduit taken up by the cables. Minimum duct diameter D. Conduit Fill Chart. 7286. Calculate the Wire Cross-Sectional Areas 3. 1. Using NEC guidelines, identify the applicable percentage based on the number of conductors in your conduit, and then multiply it by the available cross-sectional area. To find out how many cables you can run in a given conduit size enter your Belden cable part number or enter the diameter of your cable. Then, under # of Cables, enter your details and hit "Calculate. May 21, 2021 · I’m using Belden 1118a (single pair shielded). Next, determine the total area of the cable tray (T). This may from one manufacturer to another but as a thumb rule the average is 6 Data cables with a 40 fill ratio capacity for the EMT Conduit. Cross Section of Part Number: 006T8P-31180-29. The maximum recommended ratio can be affected by several factors, including application type, number of cables in the conduit, and the number of conduit bends. FR / UV-Resistant. 1105 We are also going to assume we have a type-2 EMT (electrical metallic tubing) conduit. 2624 X 3 = . Calculate Your Conduit Fill Percentage A great tool to help electricians, engineers and contractors answer the question, "What size conduit do I use per the NEC®?" The app will calculate the conduit fill percentages and jam probability for multiple conductors per NEC® Guidelines. A great tool to help electricians, engineers and contractors answer the question, "What size conduit do I use per the NEC®?" The app will calculate the conduit fill percentages and jam probability for multiple conductors per NEC® Guidelines. If 3+ cables are in the conduit = 0. The ratio can be used to determine appropriate conduit size or determine how many cables can be placed in an existing conduit. 10GX Category 6A Enhanced Premise Horizontal Cable (625MHz), 4 Pair, 23 AWG Solid Bare Copper Conductors, F/UTP - Foil Shielded, Plenum-CMP, Flamarrest® PVC-LS Jacket. 50 – $. For assistance in calculating conduit fill, refer to the “Resources” area of our site for the Technical Guides, “How to Calculate Conduit Fill with Different Size Cables. Nov 1, 2001 · Table 1 in Chapter 9 of the NEC, states the allowable percentage of conductor fill is 40%. Our NEC Conduit Fill Calculator tool determines the appropriate size of electrical conduit needed to safely encase electrical wires in a building. World Headquarters • 2301 Patriot Boulevard, Glenview, IL 60026-8020 • 1. Reality: Fill and capacity are different—and it’s important to understand the distinction. In this situation, Table 4 (Rigid Metal Conduit) in Chapter 9 of the NEC calls for a 5-in. Determine the maximum wire fill for a particular form, style and size of conduit body (in this example Use this simple tool to calculate conduit size and fill percentage, pulling tensions, cable sidewall pressure, jam probability, voltage drop, ground wire sizing, and more. Example: If we need to use an EMT conduit, we can find that the closest conduit size is a 1 inch conduit, which gives us a 39% conduit fill. label != '') ? header. The wire mesh. Size: 14 KB. com Conduit Calculator. 8 roundoff method. langSelector. g. These "NecFactor" values are as-specified in the NEC regulations. The purpose of this calculator is to determine one of two values: the maximum number of conductors (wires) that can fit into a given type and size of raceway, or the minimum trade size of a raceway that is required for a given combination of conductors (wires). For …. Simply select the quantity of convergence points, adjust the length and select the cable from the menu to create a bill of materials will be generated - showing the minimum amount of items required to configure a system. Next, select the type of conduit you are specifying. Determine the maximum allowable fill for the chosen conduit. " Welcome to the Conduit Fill Calculator website. pdf … This new series is intended for use in horizontal cable installations in data centers, high speed … Conduit Fill Calculator – Best Online Conduit Fill… Power cables are mainly used for power transmission and distribution purpose. May 14, 2024 · Mastering conduit fill calculations for multi-conductor cables ensures safety and efficiency in your electrical installations. In the Auto Mode this program limits the fill to 40 per cent for over 2 conductors, 31 per cent for only two conductors, and 53 percent for one conductor. Here are the examples and solutions for the conduit fill calculator: Example 1: Conduit Size: 1 inch Number of Wires: 5 Wire Gauge: 12 AWG Fill Percentage: 50%. 7872 4/0 AWG THHN Cu = . Calculate Your Conduit Fill Percentage. So one way is 5 and the other is 8. A 1”nipple = . TC Tray Cables are installed in cable trays, ducts and conduit; they can also be used in direct burial applications. Adhering to the guidelines… Belden 300% Ground Flexible VFD, 3 Conductor 14AWG (41x30) Tinned Copper, XLPE Insulation M4 Color Code+PVC Insulated Ground, Overall Beldfoil®+Tinned Copper Braid(85%) Shield w/14AWG Tinned Copper Ground/Drain, Black PVC Outer Jacket, 600/1000V TC-ER 90C Dry/Wet 1000V Flexible Motor Supply Cable WTTC 1000V CSA AWM I/II A/B 600V CIC TC SUN RES DIR BUR Oil Resistant How to Calculate Conduit Fill Conduit fill is the amount of a conduit’s cross-sectional area that is occupied by a cable or cables, based on the cable outside diameter … Conduit Fill Calculator: Figure Sizing and Fill - Belden Conduit fill is essential to prevent overheating and ensure safe electrical operation by avoiding overcrowding of wires within a conduit. mm. Apply SettingsClose. 19 in. NEC Tables Used To Calculate Current-Carrying Conductor Rating. 1875)squared 3. The Input Parameters table contains cable and conduit parameters that may be selected with the exception of Cable Area. They are extensively deployed in manufacturing facilities, especially in process industries: petrochemical, steel, pulp English; Deutsch (Deutschland) Français (France) 简体中文; Product Availability. 1 1/4″. The size of the calculator is only limited by the available memory! Up to 35 unique wires and over 3500 total conductors can be processed with 32 megs of RAM. 785 x 1. of cable and I. Electrical power cables may be installed as permanent wiring within Belden’s full portfolio of Tray and TC Cable options keeps your operations going no matter the environment. 16 is used to select an insulated conductor rated 0 through 2000 volts, 60°C through 90°C, based on ambient temperature of 30°C, using the selected or calculated ampacity and temperature ratings. Plan your projects with Belden's conduit capacity calculator, which determines how much cable can fit inside various conduits. Cabling and Pathways Estimator. Does anybody know what the NEC has to say about the gauge of the wires Jan 5, 2023 · Here you can find the latest products in different kinds of belden conduit fill calculator. 98 lb/ft. For custom conduit duct raceway and cable tray inputs scroll to the bottom of the page. The number of conductors 2. Refer to table 4 and table 5 of nec for conduit inner area and conduit outer area respectively: Let’s walk through a simple example to illustrate how to use the Cable Tray Fill Calculator and apply the formula. " To determine aforementioned size von conduit she need in order to fit your chosen cord, entry your Belding cable part number or the diameter of your cable. Mar 1, 2003 · how do you calculate pipe size for cable if you just have the diameter of the cable. Sometimes 14 AWG if it's a very long run (over 500'). Feb 6, 2024 · By February 6, 2024. Learn How to Calculate Conduit Size for Cables Fast. oi zq ke xl ao yl kl np uq pq