Prometheus cardinality query. Eliminate unused metrics via custom cardinality optimizations that adapt to your cloud native environment with the Adaptive Metrics feature. For example, here are 2 scraps. In this case, we recommend directly interacting with the Prometheus HTTP API. For a query to return multiple values, prefix each with "value" and define unique suffixes. The following query should return the number of unique username label values encountered during the last 24 hours for the given labels app="my-app" and path="/login": count(. Tempo’s server-side metrics generation adds functionality to the collection of traces by creating Prometheus-based metrics that track a variety of metrics such as: Nov 14, 2017 · InfluxDB 1. Traces collection and metrics. My Solution: Using PromQL you can do group by. cardinality_exporter_series_count_by_metric_name{metric=""}: These metrics report metric names and their respective Grafana Cloud. Examples: prometheus _notifications_total (specific to the Prometheus server) process _cpu_seconds_total (exported by many client libraries) Jul 16, 2018 · We have a common class of query on very-high cardinality metrics (~800k timeseries) which actually only need to read a small number (~500) of those timeseries. For more information about analyzing your Prometheus metrics costs, refer to the following sections: Analyze metrics usage with cardinality management dashboards. High cardinality causes Loki to build a huge index and to flush thousands of tiny chunks to the object store. The idea behind these dashboards is to start with the overview dashboard and then drill down to more detailed information regarding specific metrics or labels. The estimated values are calculated using sketches and are a . Labels. High cardinality may lead to high memory usage and/or to a high percentage of slow inserts. Use PromQL to query and aggregate metrics stored in an Azure Monitor workspace. Jul 16, 2018 · We have a common class of query on very-high cardinality metrics (~800k timeseries) which actually only need to read a small number (~500) of those timeseries. PromQL uses scalars and instant and range vectors to query time series, enable an expression’s return to be displayed for analysis as a graph or table, or export to backend 100% Prometheus compatible with remote-write, PromQL, alerting, and a query builder to remove onboarding friction. yaml, I changed this: expr: kube_pod_status_phase{phase="Failed"} > 0 to this: Sep 2, 2020 · In the dashboard, rather than using the query above, you’d use job:high_cardinality_metric:sum, which will return just a single series over seven days. High availability, durable storage, and support for out-of-order sample ingestion. Memory usage is calculated by adding the length of all values for a given label name. It provides horizontal scalability, high availability, multi-tenancy and blazing fast query performances when querying high cardinality series or large time ranges. Targets or the series changing over time (churn) Cardinality is valuable, but excessive cardinality is expensive! Jul 25, 2018 · gouthamve commented on Oct 17, 2018. So any labels you've created do not effect operations of your database after two hours, except for on-disk storage size, and query performance if you actually access that older data. Even if you have 10 labels and 3 of them are constant ( __name__, job, instance) and if the 7 others have 2 values each, you reach a cardinality of 128 for a single metric which is already the limit as Analyze Prometheus metrics costs. OpenTSDB also lacks a full query language, only allowing simple aggregation and math via its API. naming conventions, differently. High cardinality means that a field contains a large percentage of unique values. Number of series a target exposes 3. Query tracing can be enabled for a specific query by passing trace=1 query arg. Arithmetic binary operators. You can have lower cardinality (1:5 Reduce costs with Prometheus cardinality optimization. Prometheus exporters. The join is usually performed via on Jun 14, 2023 · The cardinality growth to millions in this example highlights the the scenarios of cardinality spikes. Thanks a lot for your reply. 3. Here are some strategies to optimize them: High cardinality usually means a high number of active time series. Metric and label naming. Query Language. As your usage reaches higher ingest tiers, with lower costs, your costs are lower. Feb 28, 2022 · Our cardinality management dashboards give you the ability to analyze your data from a broad perspective to a more targeted view. All data for a metric is stored together , limiting the cardinality of metrics. The following binary arithmetic operators exist in Prometheus: + (addition)-(subtraction) * (multiplication) / (division) % (modulo) ^ (power/exponentiation) Aug 19, 2018 · In the Prometheus documentation it warns not to label high cardinality metrics. Automatically scale as your ingestion and query needs grow, and maintain consistent response times for large container deployments. I tried with simplest: count by (problematic_label)(server_request_duration_ms_bucket) but for 12h query range it takes 60s to g Dec 22, 2017 · This first post the series will cover the main concepts used in Prometheus: metrics and labels. The core part of any query in PromQL are the metric names of a time-series. This could be the first step for troubleshooting a situation. High cardinality is using labels with a large range of possible values, such as ip, or combining many labels, even if they have a small and finite set of values, such as using status_code and action. Reload to refresh your session. It is optimized for performance, so, hopefully, the heavy query should work there without additional efforts and/or tuning. Mar 8, 2024 · Step 3: Using the series index to identify which chunks correspond to each series. To get that information, Prometheus looks at the series index within the index file. value([. Resolve high series cardinality. My Objective: Expose those labels into Prometheus. g. Loki’s new index is built atop a modified version of TSDB. For example, consul_service_tags metric exposes a set of tags, which can be joined to metrics via (service_name, node) labels. Cardinality refers to the uniqueness of values stored in a particular field. Nov 19, 2023 · I want to check how cardinality of one label has changed over time. Having the series, it’s now time for What is Cardinality© 2019 SPLUNK INC. 5 billion data points per second (Figure 2), and approximately 35 Gbps (Figure 3). For options and functions common to all query editors, see Query editors. High-cardinality - many tuples, low-cardinality - few tuples. May 27, 2021 · This query lists all of the Pods with any kind of issue. The open source project Squid Cache from The Squid Software Foundation provides a Prometheus exporter so that you can aggregate, scrape, and push metrics to a Prometheus-compatible database. Dropping every unused metric can be time-consuming and even counterproductive because the relabeling rules will consume a significant amount of resources on your Prometheus instance. Impact of Cardinality on Query Performance Prometheus's query language supports basic logical and arithmetic operators. Take steps to understand and resolve high series cardinality. Instrumented systems expose them, Prometheus stores them in its time-series database and makes them available to easily query to understand how these systems behave over time. You can use the Grafana Mimir query-frontend with any Prometheus-API compatible service, including Prometheus and Thanos. But they are not without drawbacks. CAUTION: Remember that every unique combination of key-value label pairs represents a new time series, which can dramatically increase the amount of data stored. There are minor differences though: Prometheus allows arbitrary characters in label values, while OpenTSDB is more restrictive. You’ll see: How Adaptive Metrics works behind the scenes to identify unused and partially used metrics. The SHOW CARDINALITY commands come in two flavors: estimated and exact. Beyond a daily cardinality of 3M time series per metric, query response times for a metric start degrading. For operations between two instant vectors, the matching behavior can be modified. Expand code. You signed out in another tab or window. VictoriaMetrics provides an UI on top of /api/v1/status/tsdb - see cardinality explorer docs. While the Wikipedia article on Cardinality (SQL statements), defines it as follows: Amazon Managed Service for Prometheus has a tiered pricing model for ingestion, which results in costs in your initial usage being higher. This multiple may also be a fraction. Prometheus Querying. 1. In this example, at 10:05, user A and C are active, and B is Dec 13, 2018 · That might work, but it's not what Prometheus is designed for and you'll likely run into issues. Prometheus has a flexible query language, PromQL, that enables users to perform complex queries, aggregations, and transformations on collected metrics in real time. Sharded query engine for 10x improvement in query speed; scalable compactor for unlimited cardinality, tested up to 1 billion active series. It’s much quicker and puts a far lower load on Prometheus. The alarming rate at which observability data is growing as businesses scale, transition to cloud native architectures, and adopt Prometheus and Kubernetes has become top of mind for SRE and DevOps teams. Reduce metric cardinality and costs – all within the fully managed Grafana Cloud platform. Select any high-cardinality metric from the dropdown, and find its sources of cardinality. Low cardinality means that a field contains a lot of repeated values. It is advised to keep daily per-metric cardinality within this Nov 14, 2017 · InfluxDB 1. A live demo of aggregation with 20-50% Feb 15, 2022 · Cardinality spike: Basic diagram of cardinality in Prometheus. You switched accounts on another tab or window. group(. To store your Squid Cache application’s Prometheus metrics in a scalable, long-term Analyze Prometheus metrics costs. Note that you can also have this information by using this PromQL query. Ties are resolved by rounding up. cardinality_exporter_series_count_by_label_pair{label_pair=""}: This will provide a list of label value pairs and their series count. If you have a large number of active series or larger endpoints (100k’s of series and bigger), the analytical Prometheus queries might run longer than the Grafana Explorer is configured to wait. Prometheus now has a series set that satisfies the query’s label for each block. So for example a label containing HTTP methods would have a cardinality of 2 if you had only GET and POST in your application. Use this configuration file to benefit from query parallelization and caching. The most straightforward way to scale Prometheus is by using federation. We’ve seen how Prometheus uses the TOC to be able to read the index properly, once in the index it uses the postings section to get the series associated for each label-value pair in our query. When Prometheus scrapes from kube-state-metrics, it doesn't have those labels. Overview Grafana Enterprise Metrics provides the ability to understand the cardinality of your metrics and labels using Cardinality management dashboards that are shipped with the Grafana Enterprise Metrics plugin or via the Admin API. The source of high cardinality is usually a label with a large number of unique values, which presents a big share of the ingested time series. Simply put, federation is the ability of one Prometheus server to scrape time-series data from another Prometheus server. How the cardinality is split out across metrics won't affect ingestion performance, however it'll be relatively slow to have to read 1M series in a query. Putting everything together, we now know the basics to understand how a Prometheus query works. Prometheus offers two types of federation: hierarchical and cross-service. Metrics to keep track of cache hits Cortex query frontend exposes metrics in Prometheus format at 9092/metrics. Oct 27, 2017 · Furthermore, Prometheus stores data in 2-hour frames on disk. This is a log line of an unshardable query: Copy. Multiple Prometheus instances or any other data sources may ingest data into VictoriaMetrics. Experiment away! May 31, 2023 · Say, for example from the above query, if you change the time range to the last 5 days, Query Frontend will query Prometheus for the fifth-day data and return the result along with the cached result for 4 days. This will help you understand your New Relic UI views, help you query your The field sharded_queries contains the amount of parallelly executed partial queries. Metric names. At its core, a metric in the context of monitoring and system performance is a quantifiable measure that is used to track and assess the status of a specific process or activity. It implements a PromQL-like query language - MetricsQL, which provides improved functionality on top of PromQL. As organizations adopt microservice-based architectures and large-scale distributed systems, they face the challenge of managing an increasing volume of telemetry data, particularly high metric cardinality in systems like Prometheus. You can add a scrape Cumulative metrics (OTel and Prometheus) If you report cumulative metrics from our OpenTelemetry integration or our Prometheus remote write integration, it will help you understand how New Relic handles that data (for example, how we convert that to delta measurements). High Cardinality Metrics in Grafana. It is good to have these cardinality related data in the form of metrics so that we can take advantage of PromQL but anyway after your suggestion we have found below two useful plugins which helped us to access Prometheus TSDB REST endpoint and showing data on dashboard. For more information about PromQL, see Querying Prometheus. Examples of such labels: user_id; url; ip Jun 9, 2017 · It is a good practice in Prometheus ecosystem to expose additional labels, which can be joined to multiple metrics, via a separate info -like metric as explained in this article. When sharded_queries is 0, either the query is not shardable or query sharding is disabled for cluster or tenant. The next step is to identify the chunks that correspond to each series. Query performance: High cardinality metrics can impact the performance of data queries in Grafana. Cardinality is how many unique values of something there are. In Prometheus, cardinality is used to describe the number of unique time series that exist in the system. If reads and writes to InfluxDB have started to slow down, high series cardinality (too many series) may be causing memory issues. In the example above, the label status_code has a cardinality of 5, environment has a cardinality of 2, and the overall cardinality of the metric server_responses is 10. This document groups API endpoints by service. Dec 10, 2018 · A major component of the M3 platform is its query engine, which we built from the ground up and have been using internally for several years. Do not use labels to store dimensions with high cardinality (many different label values), such as user Aug 12, 2020 · Cortex is a long-term distributed storage for Prometheus. This blog post dives deep into the four metrics supported by Prometheus, along with their use cases and PromQL functions that can be used to query these metric types. Indeed, all Prometheus metrics are time based data. You probably want a database rather than a monitoring system, maybe Cassandra here. Note that the API endpoints are exposed when you run Grafana Mimir in microservices mode, monolithic mode, and read-write mode: Microservices mode: Each service exposes its own endpoints. Jul 25, 2018 · gouthamve commented on Oct 17, 2018. +"}) > 50 I get the error: vector contains metrics with the same labelset after applying rule labels. Base units. Hierarchical federation is a tree structure, where each Prometheus server You signed in with another tab or window. As of November 2018, our metrics query engine handles around 2,500 queries per second (Figure 1), about 8. For general documentation on querying data sources in Grafana, see Query and transform data. AFAIK there is no way to measure the number of labels in metrics. Labels can cause some issues for Prometheus, such as high cardinality, label conflicts, and label misuse. So in my prometheus-rules. For more information about pricing, including ingest tiers, see Pricing in the Amazon Managed Service for Prometheus product However, cardinality can have a major impact on querying where, the higher the cardinality, the more items are required to be iterated over. Aug 1, 2022 · A year and a half ago, the Loki team started talking about how to approach order of magnitude improvements in cardinality, query throughput, and reliability. In our recent webinar “ Grafana Cloud Adaptive Metrics: Reduce Prometheus high cardinality metrics ,” we showed a live demo of how Adaptive Metrics works Oct 10, 2023 · The complexity of distributed systems has grown significantly, making monitoring and observability essential for application and infrastructure reliability. Much of the content here also Jan 29, 2024 · Azure Monitor managed service for Prometheus, collects metrics from Azure Kubernetes clusters and stores them in an Azure Monitor workspace. PromQL allows for selecting and aggregating time series data in real-time. To put it simply: Cardinality is the overall count of values for one label. The metric and label conventions presented in this document are not required for using Prometheus, but can serve as both a style-guide and a collection of best practices. Query, visualize, and alert on data. Sources of cardinality: 1. Apr 26, 2023 · Finding high-cardinality metrics Using Prometheus UI. Jan 10, 2024 · I would like to create a Grafana graph showing the number of connected/active users over time. yml. Both of these concerns are addressed after your data is purged. Analyze metrics usage with the Prometheus API. My endpoint expose this metrics to Prometheus : For my case, a user is considered active if he has executed at least 1 request over a period of 5 minutes. Jul 9, 2020 · Try executing the original query in VictoriaMetrics. Configure the Grafana Mimir query-frontend to work with Prometheus. Values must be integers or floats. You can run PromQL queries using the Prometheus UI, which displays time series results and also helps plot graphs. The issue is not the number of labels but the cardinality of the metric. The APIs and dashboards help you understand the active time series in GEM. And at its heart, Prometheus is an on-disk Time Series Database System (TSDB) that uses a standard query language called PromQL for interaction. Jul 31, 2023 · A data visualization and monitoring tool, either within Prometheus or an external one, such as Grafana; Through query building, you will end up with a graph per CPU by the deployment. I propose we limit the number of points we return (step * timeseries). This will help you understand your New Relic UI views, help you query your Prometheus came to prominence as a free tool for monitoring Kubernetes environments. PromQL (Prometheus query language), is a functional query language that allows you to query and aggregate time series data. It enables developers to work with metrics with high flexibility. You should now be able to disable metrics or drop them, depending on what suits best your use-case. Feel free to adapt to see more metrics, example for the top 20: Aug 4, 2021 · Joins in PromQL. Prometheus provides a functional query language called PromQL (Prometheus Query Language) that lets the user select and aggregate time series data in real time. By contrast, the number of tuples is called the cardinality of the relation and this changes as tuples are added or deleted. It provides a global query view. These queries usually involve multiple (4) matchers, 1-2 of them match pretty much all timeseries for that metric (like the job matcher), and 1-2 end up filtering it down to the 500 Use Prometheus query language (PromQL) to filter, aggregate, ingest, and query millions of unique time series metrics from your self-managed Kubernetes clusters. Sometimes, however, metrics are more generic, like standardized metrics exported by client libraries. Tempo’s server-side metrics generation adds functionality to the collection of traces by creating Prometheus-based metrics that track a variety of metrics such as: Preserving a low cardinality for the request counter The request counter ( requests_total ) has a url label which, although desirable, can become problematic in cases where your application uses templated routes expecting a great number of variations, as Prometheus explicitly recommends against metrics having high cardinality dimensions: Even though Levitate can scale to large values of cardinality in terms of the ingest pipeline, large per-metric cardinalities have an adverse effect on read response-times. However, cardinality can have a major impact on querying where, the higher the cardinality, the more items are required to be iterated over. Monitor Squid Cache with Prometheus and Grafana Cloud. The result of an expression can either be shown as a graph, viewed as tabular data in Prometheus's expression browser, or consumed by external systems via the HTTP API. sum by (namespace) (kube_pod_status_ready{condition= "false" }) Code language: JavaScript (javascript) These are the top 10 practical PromQL examples for monitoring Kubernetes 🔥📊 Click to tweet. At Grafana Labs, we’re currently running the blocks storage at a relatively large scale, with some tenants remote writing Jul 17, 2023 · This query calculates the average rate of POST HTTP requests over the last 5 minutes, grouped by the job label. To Oct 19, 2020 · when trying to create an alert on high metric cardinality with the expression count by(__name__) ({__name__=~". Number of targets 2. We currently limit the number of steps to 11k, but if you query a very high cardinality metric we seem to be able OOM even a very large Prometheus. Sep 2, 2019 · Prometheus performance almost always comes down to one thing: label cardinality. The optional to_nearest argument allows specifying the nearest multiple to which the sample values should be rounded. As the expression works when using it directly in prometheus, I wonder if there is an actual way to use it in an alert? The Adaptive Metrics feature makes it easy for observability teams to manage, control, and optimize metric time series without compromising observability. Aug 13, 2020 · 1. The estimated values are calculated using sketches and are a round(v instant-vector, to_nearest=1 scalar) rounds the sample values of all elements in v to the nearest integer. This can be useful in Prometheus rule evaluations, since it lets you generate a new metric for a series by appending labels from another info metric. Prometheus uses PromQL (Prometheus Query Language). For metrics specific to an application, the prefix is usually the application name itself. Querying Prometheus. Through PromQL, users can filter and aggregate metrics, calculate rates, ratios, averages, and percentiles, and predict trends. We have three dashboards for this tool: Overview dashboard. last_over_time(app_request_count{app="my-app", path="/login"}[24h]) ) by (username) ) How it works: Managing rising metrics costs and cardinality with Grafana Cloud. Oct 25, 2018 · Kube-state-metrics gets these from K8 API. As we put the finishing touches on our new index layer, let’s take a look at how we’re trying to stay ahead of the curve. Each time series has a unique name, labels, and timestamp, and Prometheus stores a sample for each time series at each scrape interval. High cardinality metrics can present challenges when used with Grafana. Cardinality can also cause writes to fail if it exceeds your plan’s adjustable service quota. Grafana Mimir exposes an HTTP API that you can use to write and query time series data, and operate the cluster. 4. Analyze metrics usage with Grafana Explore. Jan 27, 2020 · 3. Join us to watch Adaptive Metrics in action. Query tracing# VictoriaMetrics supports query tracing, which can be used for determining bottlenecks during query processing. Later this data may be queried via a single query. We’ve added SHOW CARDINALITY queries to make it much easier to query for series cardinality. This is like EXPLAIN ANALYZE from Postgresql. Grafana provides a query editor for the Prometheus data source to create queries in PromQL. Label columns are optional: If there is more than one result row, then the query must also define labels to distinguish each value. Optimizing PromQL Queries. sharded_queries=0 param_query="absent(up{job=\"my-service\"})" Apr 25, 2023 · Tracking cardinality issues. Aug 7, 2023 · Back in May, we announced Adaptive Metrics, a new feature in Grafana Cloud that allows you to reduce the cardinality of Prometheus metrics and the overall volume and costs of your metrics. High cardinality occurs when there are too many unique combinations of labels and values Analyze metrics usage with the Prometheus API. The number of series held in Prometheus over a given timeframe. Dec 13, 2018 · That might work, but it's not what Prometheus is designed for and you'll likely run into issues. PromQL supports the ability to join two metrics together: You can append a label set from one metric and append it to another at query time. Jan 27, 2024 · Cardinality refers to the number of unique elements in a set. 4 includes new InfluxQL capabilities to make it easier to explore metadata and understand query execution. +]) - every query must define a result "value". What are metrics and labels? Metrics are a core concept of Prometheus. So if your application started supporting PUT, then the cardinality would be 3. The purpose of this post is to explain the value of Prometheus’ relabel_config block, the different places where it can be found, and its usefulness in taming Prometheus metrics. An active time series is one that has not yet been written to long-term storage Feb 5, 2023 · Wrapping up. PromQL queries can become resource-intensive, particularly when dealing with a high cardinality dataset or long time ranges. May 9, 2019 · The performance of terms aggregations can be greatly impacted by the cardinality of the field that is being aggregated. Individual organizations may want to approach some of these practices, e. Recording rules are used heavily in Prometheus and are one of the most popular features. Aug 28, 2014 · The cardinality of a relation is the number of tuples it contains. Mar 21, 2022 · Relabeling is a powerful tool that allows you to classify and filter Prometheus targets and metrics by rewriting their label set. iu im qo kq zk qp oq jt nt yt